3种遥感产品检测黄土高原森林变化及差异比较

基于Landsat Vegetation Continuous Fields（LVCF）、MODIS Vegetation Continuous Fields（MVCF）和MODIS Land Cover（MODLC）等遥感产品和森林清查数据（NFI）检测2000-2015年黄土高原森林分布及变化。结果表明:1）2000-2015年黄土高原森林覆盖度升高，基于LVCF和MVCF的全区森林覆盖度均值分别由2000年的7.8%和9.6%增加到2015年的9.7%和13.2%。2）遥感产品估算的森林分布空间格局和面积差异较大，基于LVCF、MVCF和MODLC估算的黄土高原森林面积在2000年分别为726.6×10⁴、604.7×10⁴ hm²和325.1×10⁴ hm²，2015年分别为926.2×10⁴、998.3×10⁴ hm²和400.1×10⁴ hm²。3）遥感产品估算的省级尺度上森林面积与NFI的不一致性因省份和年份而异，LVCF与NFI一致性整体略优于MVCF，MODLC与NFI差异最大且估算的森林面积远低于LVCF、MVCF和NFI。4）遥感产品检测的陕西和山西2省的森林面积增加值与NFI一致性高于宁夏；基于遥感产品估算的宁夏森林面积及增加幅度均远低于NFI。     

基于CA-Markov模型的锡林河流域土地利用变化及预测分析

研究土地利用变化特征及预测未来土地利用变化的趋势，对经济平衡发展、提高生态环境质量、实现土地资源合理利用具有重要意义。以锡林河流域为研究区，对Landsat 2000、2005、2010年和2015年4期遥感数据进行目视解译，采用土地利用结构分析方法、重心迁移模型和CA-Markov模型，分析研究区16 a间土地利用演变特征，并对2030年土地利用情况进行预测。结果表明:1)2000-2015年，草地、林地和耕地呈波动变化，水域面积缓慢增加，建设用地不断扩张，未利用地面积在不断减少。建设用地、耕地和未利用地重心具有明显的方向性移动，耕地先向南后向北移动，建设用地主要向西北方向扩张，未利用土地重心持续向北移动。2)研究区综合土地利用动态度为5.70％，变化速率较快；锡林浩特市和各苏木土地利用变化速率差异较大，总体表现为中游＞下游＞上游；不同土地利用类型动态度为建设用地＞水域＞林地＞耕地＞未利用土地＞草地，即建设用地变化最快。3)研究区土地利用变化的主要方向为草地和未利用地的相互转换、耕地和草地的互相转换以及建设用地的不断扩张。4)2030年预测结果表明，耕地面积继续增加，速率有所下降，重心向西南方向移动；林地延续之前变化趋势，稳中有升；草地和未利用地面积继续减少，且未利用地重心持续向北移动；建设用地扩张明显，重心向锡林浩特市中心移动，速度减缓；水域有少量增加。CA-Markov模型与土地利用重心迁移模型相结合，实现了对未来耕地、建设用地和未利用土地的迁移方向的预测，可以为研究区提高草地退化防治效果、土地管理政策的制定和实施、城乡建设、土地利用规划等提供理论指导。     

河南省农业水资源脆弱性时空特征及障碍度诊断

从自然脆弱性、人为脆弱性和承载力脆弱性3个层面构建农业水资源脆弱性评价体系,运用熵值法和线性加权综合法测算了2001—2016年河南省农业水资源脆弱性,并利用障碍度模型分析了影响脆弱性的主要障碍因子。结果表明:2001—2016年河南省郑州等9市农业水资源脆弱性呈减小态势,开封等9市呈增大态势,脆弱性增速差异显著;脆弱性演变趋势可分为先升后降、先降后升、波动上升和波动下降4种类型;河南省农业水资源脆弱性空间分布集聚特征明显,脆弱度排序为豫北豫东豫南豫中豫西;河南省农业水资源脆弱性主要受到人为脆弱性和承载力脆弱性的影响,且主要障碍因子存在差异。因此,应积极加强对水资源系统人为干预,通过加大农业资金投入、优化农田水利建设水平、提高农业用水效率等,以实现河南省农业生产与水资源利用协调发展。     

不同灌水下限设施番茄土壤CO2排放特征及其影响因素研究

【目的】探讨不同灌水下限设施土壤CO2排放特征及其影响因素,为调控设施土壤水分和碳排放提供理论依据。【方法】在番茄生育期内采用LI-8100A土壤碳通量自动测定仪观测不同灌水下限[20 kPa(D20)、30 kPa(D30)、40 kPa(D40)]下的土壤CO2排放速率,并分析其影响因素。【结果】在番茄生育期内,不同灌水下限设施土壤CO2排放速率变化趋势基本一致,D20处理最高,平均速率为2.759μmol/(m2·s),其次是D30处理,为2.601μmol/(m2·s),D40处理最低,为2.559μmol/(m2·s)。在土壤CO2累积排放量方面,D20处理显著高于其他2个处理,而D30和D40处理之间无显著差异。就单因素模型而言,不同灌水下限处理的土壤CO2排放速率与15 cm土壤温度呈指数回归关系,且均达显著水平(P<0.05);不同灌水下限处理的土壤CO2排放速率与15 cm土壤含水率均呈显著二次回归关系(P<0.05);与单因素模型相比,土壤温度和土壤含水率的双因素复合模型(68.5%~83.8%)可以更好地解释土壤CO2排放的变化。土壤温度敏感系数Q10值在1.442~1.498之间,其中D20处理最敏感,D40处理最不敏感。相关分析结果表明,土壤CO2累积排放量与0~20 cm土层土壤有机质量、pH值、全氮量、速效磷量、速效钾量、碱解氮量和微生物量碳呈显著相关关系。采用PCA分析提取出的2个主成分累积贡献率为85.79%。【结论】灌水下限影响设施土壤CO2的排放,其中D20处理促进了设施土壤CO2的排放。     

保定市一亩泉河河流中COD的变化及污染源分析

针对保定市城区水系管理委员会2017年3月公布的黑臭水体河流中的一亩泉河7.23km的黑臭水体段为参考进行了勘查、取样与COD实验工作,从2019年4月12日到2019年5月29日进行了为期一个半月的时间。研究结果表明:保定市一亩泉河河流不同位置COD大小不同、污染原因不同。通过周围景观的变化、对采样点附近居民进行的走访和COD浓度的测定,对一亩泉河的水质状况和污染源进行了全面系统地分析。并为此提出了切实可行、经济有效、便于管理的控制方案。     

三坊七巷小黄楼庭院空间的气候适应性模拟

为探究植被对人体舒适度的影响及庭院在极端季的微气候环境,文章以福州古典园林典型庭院小黄楼东花厅为研究对象,运用ENVI-met建立实际模拟和仅乔木模拟两种方案进行对比研究,并对实际方案进行量化模拟研究。结果表明:1)当乔木覆盖率达40%时,从时间和空间维度,两种方案的PMV值拟合度均较高,此时乔木对人体舒适度有强烈影响;2)夏季9∶00-17∶00,冬季9∶00前、17∶00后游人不宜长时间在室外活动,应适当调整小黄楼这类庭院的开放时间,如延长夏季开放时间;3)应加大对传统庭院与建筑的宣传保护力度,适当开展戏曲、灯展等文教活动,弘扬传统文化;或将庭院景观与灯景结合,提升景观观赏价值。     

Large‐scale patterns of fish diversity and assemblage structure in the longest tropical river in Asia

Although the Mekong River is one of the world's 35 biodiversity hot spots, the large‐scale patterns of fish diversity and assemblage structure remain poorly addressed. This study aimed to investigate the fish distribution patterns in the Lower Mekong River (LMR) and to identify their environmental determinants. Daily fish catch data (i.e. from December 2000 to November 2001) at 38 sites distributed along the LMR were related to 15 physicochemical and 19 climatic variables. As a result, four different clusters were defined according to the similarity in assemblage composition and 80 indicator species were identified. While fish species richness was highest in the Mekong delta and lowest in the upper part of the LMR, the diversity index was highest in the middle part of the LMR and lowest in the delta. We found that fish assemblages changed along the environmental gradients and that the main drivers affecting the fish assemblage structure were the seasonal variation of temperature, precipitation, dissolved oxygen, pH and total phosphorus. Specifically, upstream assemblages were characterised by cyprinids and Pangasius catfish, well suited to low temperature, high dissolved oxygen and high pH. Fish assemblages in the delta were dominated by perch‐like fish and clupeids, more tolerant to high temperatures, and high levels of nutrients (nitrates and total phosphorus) and salinity. Overall, the patterns were consistent between seasons. Our study contributes to establishing the first holistic fish community study in the LMR.     

东晋南朝庐江何氏家学与家风述论

东晋南朝庐江何氏家族是安徽地域境内传统文化世家，在注重文化传家的成长道路上，形成了具有自身品格的家学与家风。庐江何氏家学实践以佛教文化、玄学、儒学为主要内容，不同时期各有侧重，终呈现综合交融的趋势，其家学之影响在与主流文化的互动中得以彰显。庐江何氏家风以“清身洁己”为外在特征，在长期的家学实践中不断丰富自身内涵，何氏家风为其文化型士族成长、争取社会政治利益起到了重要的潜在作用。     

Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

Projections of temperature extremes based on preferred CMIP5 models:a case study in the Kaidu-Kongqi River basin in Northwest China

The extreme temperature has more outstanding impact on ecology and water resources in arid regions than the average temperature. Using the downscaled daily temperature data from 21 Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project(CMIP) models of NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections(NEX-GDDP) and the observation data, this paper analyzed the changes in temporal and spatiotemporal variation of temperature extremes, i.e., the maximum temperature(Tmax) and minimum temperature(Tmin), in the Kaidu-Kongqi River basin in Northwest China over the period 2020–2050 based on the evaluation of preferred Multi-Model Ensemble(MME). Results showed that the Partial Least Square ensemble mean participated by Preferred Models(PM-PLS) was better representing the temporal change and spatial distribution of temperature extremes during 1961–2005 and was chosen to project the future change. In 2020–2050, the increasing rate of Tmax(Tmin) under RCP(Representative Concentration Pathway) 8.5 will be 2.0(1.6) times that under RCP4.5, and that of Tmin will be larger than that of Tmax under each corresponding RCP. Tmin will keep contributing more to global warming than Tmax. The spatial distribution characteristics of Tmax and Tmin under the two RCPs will overall the same; but compared to the baseline period(1986–2005), the increments of Tmax and Tmin in plain area will be larger than those in mountainous area. With the emission concentration increased, however, the response of Tmax in mountainous area will be more sensitive than that in plain area, and that of Tmin will be equivalently sensitive in mountainous area and plain area. The impacts induced by Tmin will be universal and farreaching. Results of spatiotemporal variation of temperature extremes indicate that large increases in the magnitude of warming in the basin may occur in the future. The projections can provide the scientific basis for water and land plan management and disaster prevention and mitigation in the inland river basin.